What's the difference between partitions and volumes on Windows?

Partitions and volumes allow to divide disks into sections. Whereas partitions divide disks physically volumes divide disks logically and thus are able to span multiple partitions or even disks.

How to create a bootable Windows medium on Linux/Windows?

In very short: Use either the MediaCreationTool or WoeUSB. Visit the FAQ page for step by step instructions.

How can I create a bootable Arch Linux stick?

dd count=1 if/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb dd bs=4M if=/path/to/arch.iso of=/dev/sdb

How can I restore the Windows BootLoader?

In very short: Reformat EFI partition and reinstall the BootLoader. Visit the FAQ page for step by step instructions.

How can I create a Windows EFI System partition?

In very short: Make some free space on the target disk, install a new ESP and associate it with Windows. Visit the FAQ page for step by step instructions.

FAQ

Did you ever encounter problems you could not solve, you could not find solutions working for you, not even on StackOverflow?
Then this page might be interesting for you. It contains references to problems and solutions I either encountered myself or included for further explanation of other questions. It may help you as well.

First of all a disk is a physical device which allows to store data in a structured way. The most well known examples are HDDs and SSDs.
Each disk can be divided into sections. If a disk is physically divided each section is called partition. If a disk is logically divided each section is called volume. In contrast to partitions volumes may span over multiple partitions or even disks.
However, both partitions and volumes can have their own drive letter.

Reference: https://www.techjunkie.com/volume-vs-partition/

On Windows: Download the MediaCreationTool from https://www.microsoft.com/de-de/software-download/windows10; Accept Microsoft license; Select create installation medium; Select any Windows version and your desired language; Select the option USB stick; Choose your desired USB stick; Install Windows on it
On Linux: Download a Windows ISO from https://www.microsoft.com/de-de/software-download/windows10ISO; Download WoeUSB as described at https://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/WoeUSB/
WARNING! Do not use LinuxLive USB Creator. It's outdated.

INFO! balena etcher won't work. Even the program itself suggests to use WoeUSB.; Install Windows ISO on a stick via WoeUSB

INFO! Neither WoeUSB nor Balena etcher worked for me to create a bootable Arch Linux USB Stick.

On Linux: Download a current Arch Linux ISO from https://www.archlinux.de/download; Plugin the stick you're going to use. I assume it is listed as /dev/sdb.
WARNING! Make sure the stick is not mounted. Otherwise this method may fail.; Clear the stick you're going to use with dd count=1 if/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb status="progress"
NOTE! The argument for of referenes a complete disk and not a partition. So your argument should be like /dev/sdX and not /dev/sdX1.; Copy Arch ISO onto the stick with dd bs=4M if=/path/to/arch.iso of=/dev/sdb status="progress".
On Windows: Daemon Tool Lite works very well

Reference: https://wiki.archlinux.de/title/Installation_von_einem_USB-Stick#Unter_GNU.2FLinux

I have an UEFI dual boot with Windows and some Linux distribution
I've been able to start both Windows and Linux via grub
I deleted the Linux partitions (to install another Linux distribution)
I rebooted
I encountered grub rescue stating grub error: no such device

Create bootable Windows medium (See other FAQ entry)
Boot Windows stick
Select your Windows version and language
On the Install now screen see the small entry Repair computer
Navigate to troubleshooting ➞ advanced options ➞ command prompt
Enter diskpart.
1. List all your disks with list disk
2. Determine which disk contains your Windows installation.
  HELP! If you are unsure which one is the right one continue with the next step and consecutively select any disk until you find the one which has the expected layout.
  I assume Windows is installed on disk 0.
3. Select the disk with sel disk 0
4. List all volumes (also called partitions) with list vol
5. Determine the EFI partition. Typically there are two partitions.
  
  The EFI partition
  
  It's formatted with FAT32
  
  It's maybe around 100M to 260M
  
  It has no letter assigned
  
  It's typically marked as hidden
  
  The Windows partition
  
  It's formatted with NTFS
  
  It spans the remaining space of your disk
  
  It has usually the letter C
  
  I assume its on volume 1.
6. Select the volume with sel vol 1
7. Assign an yet unused letter (I assume N is unused) to it with assign letter=N:
8. Format the EFI partition with format FS=FAT32.
  BE CAREFUL! This erases the partition completely. Whatever has been on that partition it can not be restored except you were clever and used some backup software beforehand.
9. exit diskpart
Repair the bootloader with bcdboot C:\Windows /s N: /f UEFI

https://www.diskpart.com/de/windows-10/fixboot-zugriff-verweigert-windows-10.html

I installed a Windows Bootloader on a volume
I did not have the difference between partitions and volumes (See other FAQ entry ) in mind at that moment
I recognized the volume which is associated with the disk that contains the Windows installation is physically on another disk. On the one hand this works but on the other hand it requires you to always have both disks plugged in to be able to boot Windows.

Boot Windows as usual (still with the Bootloader at the wrong place)
Open a run dialog with +R
Enter diskpart
List all volumes with list vol
Determine the volume which contains your C drive. I assume its volume 1.
Select the volume with sel vol 1
Shrink it by the desired size of the new UEFI partition (which should be around 260M) with shrink desired=260.
BE CAREFUL! Make sure your C drive has enough free space. Otherwise you may lose data.
Create a new partition with create partition primary.
NOTE! This partition will automatically span the full free space and create a new volume entry which represents the new partition.
List all volumes with list vol
Determine the number of the new volume. I assume its volume 3.
Select the volume with sel vol 3
Format the volume (and eventually give it a name/label) with format fs=fat32 label="Windows ESP"
Assign an yet unused drive letter to the volume (I assume N is unused) with assign letter=N
exit diskpart
Open a run dialog with +R
Associate the new UEFI partition with bcdboot C:\Windows /s N: /f UEFI

The exact reason why I encountered the problem is unclear. However, „suddenly“ I could not open a website I wanted to visit. I checked my network manager and ethernet as well as wifi seemed up and running properly. I even could not ping certain website despite that I've still been able to install updates via pacman. Further I was not able to even connect to devices in the local network (192.168.X.X).
At the end I recognized that:

I have no local IPv4 address in 192.168.X.X
I can't connect to any websites or devices that have only an IPv4 address.
My only IP address was IPv6
My IP address was identical to the public IP address of my router

Ensure that dhcpcd is installed
Start the service via sudo systemctl start dhcpcd
Ensure that the service is started at boot via sudo systemctl enable dhcpcd

Most likely after an interrupted update that tried to update the linux kernel Grub could not boot linux stating that it does not find /vmlinuz-linux. When trying to regenerate grub.cfg the linux installation was not even detected.

Create a bootable Arch Linux stick
Use arch-chroot to boot into the broken installation
Reinstall the package linux using sudo pacman -S linux
NOTE! An internet connection should not be required.
Regenerate the grub.cfg